Exploring Hydroponics and the Associated Technologies for Use in Medium-and Small-scale Operations: A Review

Hydroponics, the science of soilless agriculture, has emerged as a pivotal paradigm in modern cultivation practices, addressing myriad challenges of traditional farming and offering avenues for high-efficiency, sustainable food production. This review delves into the anticipated future directions of hydroponics, capturing its interdisciplinary evolution. Central to this trajectory is the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning, aiming to augment precision in every facet of hydroponic cultivation, from nutrient balance to disease prediction. Complementing technological advancements is the burgeoning realm of genomics, poised to craft crop varieties intrinsically optimized for hydroponic conditions, promising both enhanced yields and improved nutritional profiles. Sustainability remains an unwavering focus, with innovative methodologies underscoring recycling and resource optimization, ensuring minimal waste and maximal output. The synergistic amalgamation of hydroponics with other agricultural models, notably aquaponics, paints a picture of integrated, multi-tiered ecosystems that not only boost productivity but also bolster ecological resilience. Such integrations herald a future where farming transcends singular methodologies, evolving into harmonized systems that capitalize on the strengths of individual disciplines. In essence, the horizon of hydroponics is not one of mere technical advancement but represents a holistic evolution, seamlessly melding technology, biology, and ecology. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of these trajectories, offering insights into the potentialities and promises that the future of hydroponics holds.